Stephen Jay Gould e' stato un grande scienziato, nessun dubbio. Ho avuto la fortuna di conoscerlo circa 20 anni fa, quando mi capito' tra le mani "Ever since Darwin" (Questa idea della vita). Con uno stile impeccabile e un'erudizione sterminata Gould has produced the best disclosure of all time. Beyond the 'style, Gould had the merit of refuting the classical view of evolution as a linear and continuous process. Given the amount 'of empirical data available, the detection of different processing step for the bodies could have been already' inception of Darwinism. Unfortunately, the dominant paradigm at the time required to gradually ', so' as it was detected by the development (apparently) linear companies' industry.
One of the best examples of evolution and sent 'Costituto Galapagas radiation of the finches, which in the course of a few tens of thousands of years in dozens of species diverged from a few individuals randomly approdati sull'arcipelago. I ciclidi della regione dei grandi laghi africani rappresentano un altro caso notevole. La speciazione di questi pesciolini piuttosto intelligenti puo' verificarsi nel corso di una generazione umana. O almeno, questo sostiene il biologo olandese Tjis Goldschmidt, che li studio' a lungo e che ha descritto la sua esperienza ne Lo strano caso del Lago Vittoria. All'estremo opposto della parte di spettro occupata dai fringuelli delle Galapagos e dai ciclidi dei grandi laghi si trovano i cosiddetti fossili viventi: coccodrilli, varani, pesci polmonati e, sopratutto, il Coelecanthus dell'oceano Indiano. Queste creature hanno mantenuto le loro caratteristiche per decine di milioni di anni e tutto lascia presumere che le conserveranno per altrettanti, conceded that it is extinguished by endogenous causes uncontrollable. Today
pre 'and the theory of punctuated equilibria' almost universally recognized, to the point that they appear trivial.
Gould, who declared himself a Marxist, he acknowledged the debt to the master's eponymous but think 'always and above all a Darwinist. To understand the link between Marxism and Darwinism and 'need to think in a similar manner. Marxism deals with social and cultural transformations, Darwinism of biological changes. Nature and culture are usually biased and, well kept separate and distinct. Abandoning the ideological blinders and religious 'can see the similarities beyond' of apparent differences. Marxism e', tra molte altre cose, strumento di analisi dei meccanismi di trasformazione dei rapporti sociali. Agli occhi dell'accademia di formazione gesuitica, palese o implicita, la biologia e' assolutamente remota rispetto a societa' e cultura umane, sopratutto se queste vengono, palesemente o implicitamente, elevate al rango di metafisica. Il distacco dei fatti umani dalle cose che sono naturali e' pratica routinaria, anche e soprattutto per l'intelighenzia di sinistra. Marx, da parte sua, aveva un'opinione diversa. Stimava Darwin al punto da proporgli la dedica del secondo libro del Capitale. Darwin declino' l'offerta, forse per timidezza, o forse per non essere coinvolto in diatribe politiche. Quello che resta e' il rimpianto per un'occasione perduta. Per come vanno le cose al mondo, una dedica di poche righe avrebbe potuto evitare l'involuzione in senso oscurantista dell'ideologia e delle sue pratiche.
Sociale e biologico sono istanziazioni particolari del fenomeno dell'organizzazione. Nel caso degli aggregati sociali la natura organizzativa e' autoevidente mentre, nel caso biologico, e' l'etimologia dei termini (organismo e organizzazione) a rivelarlo. Riconoscere le corrispondenze tra i due ambiti non e' banale ne' scontato ma, attraverso un lavoro di astrazione nemmeno troppo complicato, e' possibile individuare gli isomorfismi tra le componenti. La natura del substrato influenza selettivamente la comprensione delle caratteristiche delle organizzazioni: alcune sono intuitivamente evidenti in Social and dark in the biological and vice versa. According all'isomorfismo established a priori, that 'which' intuitively understood in a context must necessarily manifest itself in the other. Intuition thus serves as a guide for targeted investigation in the field where understanding is more 'tricky. Biological and social relationships that form, with a little 'good will', could be called dialectical. Gould did not produce these speculations, and probably not even approve. Speculations are the result of inspiration held by Gould author of this speech and, of course, only the author should be held liable 'inconsistencies.
Other inconsistencies are, however, be attributed to Gould. Like many scientists willing to conform to the spirit of the time, or not brave enough to escape from the constraints of political correctness, Gould has occasionally led astray by the rational method for the path of holiness'. Originally the inconsistency of some parts of his work are the principled opposition to the methods of quantitative measurement of intelligence. Any object or structure and 'subject to quantification, otherwise leaving the realm of matter and the causal and promotion to the level of transcendence. No observer would dream of denying the opportunity 'or at least the feasibility' of the quantification of benefits related to different organs from the brain. And 'well known that the physical performance are closely associated with ethnicity. Until proven otherwise, the performance of Japanese and Filipinos in basketball are not comparable to those of blacks. In fact, there are no Japanese or Filipino players in the NBA. It 'also known that the best distance runners come from the highlands. The fact that the tones' melanin is a useful parameter to define the subset from which will come out the winners of the Olympic 100 meters final and remains the highest of anyone in this country. In addition, the Africans are more musical sense. The thing 'real enough to be the most' common clichés. Again, quality 'singing and acrobatics without any reaction among scientists, but only the rate of satisfaction among the slaves. The atmosphere changes dramatically quando si trattano le performances associate all'organo cervello.
Un tempo la questione si poneva in termini molto semplici. Ogni uomo era dotato di un'anima immortale e di un corpo deteriorabile, che fungeva da contenitore dell'anima. Le contingenze terrene influivano pesantemente su bellezza, forza e intelligenza, ma queste qualita' erano solo casualmente associate al corpo e non travalicavano nello spirito. Variabilita' fisica e intellettiva non costituivano un problema in quanto manifestazioni della materia, una categoria notoriamente disprezzata dai prerinascimentali. Pur se diversi nel mondo, gli uomini erano uguali nello spirito e la soluzione delle contraddizioni era rinviata al Regno a Venire. Illuminismo e filosofie derivate hanno bandito l'anima ma non la concezione di fondamentale uguaglianza. In effetti l'Illuminismo rappresenta la fase finale del processo di evoluzione umanistica dell'ideologia occidentale. E il dogma principale dell'umanismo e' appunto la centralita' dell'uomo e la priorita' dei suoi interessi rispetto a quelli della natura. Non contemplando un mondo di spiriti disincarnati, illuministi e discendenti dovevano affermare l'uguaglianza nel mondo della materia. L'intelligenza o, piu' genericamente, le facolta' cognitive, rappresentavano il candidato ideale a sostituire l'anima quale discrimine tra l'uomo e il resto del creato. E' per questo motivo che l'intelligenza non e' rappresentata come un fenomeno di sistema ma come una qualita' intrinseca e non causale. Affermare l'uguaglianza Somatic would be grotesque and on the other hand, even in times of extreme materialism physical characteristics remain secondary to the moral.
The problem seems solved, EXCEPT 'human equality established by decree causes incurable contradictions within the system. The Enlightenment was the end product of the efforts to eradicate prejudice and to collapse the transcendent reality 'to coincide with the matter. Everything 'that was not interpretable in terms of causality' replicable and investigate using the tools of science, which was not perceptible to the senses, possibly supported by mechanical prosthesis, was demoted to the rank of superstition. During the trial the man was snatched dal centro dell'universo materiale solo per essere immediatamente reinsediato al centro di quello sensoriale. E' possibile immaginare una centralita' piu' radicale di quella di chi possiede l'equipaggiamento sensoriale atto a percepire la totalita' fenomenica? Ma per trattare a fondo la contraddizione servirebbero molte pagine e, sopratutto, un talento che non e' quello del presente autore. Ci limiteremo quindi a considerare che se gli uomini, prodotti della natura al pari di ogni oggetto fisico e creatura biologica, attengono ad uno stato di metafisica uguaglianza intra-specifica, la materia deve aver trasceso se' stessa per produrre qualcosa che sfugge ai metodi di indagine impiegati per analizzare il resto del creato. In termini gouldiani questa si definirebbe a discontinuity 'jump. A discontinuity 'so great as to produce discontinuity' with respect to the concept of discontinuity 'itself. In fact, until the debut of the man on the world stage, the discontinuities' had no power to release their products by the laws of nature. If the equality of men was a matter of fact, the quality 'human cognitive epiphenomena would be partial in the sense that they would be able to act causally upon the world but the reverse is not true. This astounding quality ', this crystalline intelligence, transcendent, uncaused, the solution would provide irrefutable and it would be based on any consideration except one: the epiphenomenalism of human intelligence we slip back head and foot preilluministica ideology. With knowledge so painstakingly
trapanateci head teachers from high school, we learned that in the absence of centralized control can not 'be the project that is not based on effort, error and correction. Now we are forced to convert to a U of unimaginable scope. The project is not there '(this do not compromise the post-Enlightenment) but the results of the project are all calibrated equally on excellence. Where were irradiated and control information? A beautiful mystery that, if resolved, would provide system producers in the assembly a chance 'to save on funds donated to the united' engineering. With this method, all would come out of the VW Golf chain exactly alike and, of course, without flaws.
Too good to be true and materials not obsessed with political correctness would be inclined to ask for a pause for reflection. Among other things, the materialists who have read Gould will have noticed that the prose of the master and 'charming and persuasive when it comes to extra-human facts, but if it is foolish and pedantic human facts. When Gould mode switch to the humanist and has no major arguments and 'forced, and as' use among egalitarians, to use dry statistical tabulations. In the maze of crossed data are all caught and no one understands anything. But since the solution and 'known even before the formulation of the problem, who wants to believe will believe' with renewed enthusiasm.
The genetic indeterminism is another bug Gouldian theory. Collaboration with Lewontin, inventor of punctuated equilibria has not produced anything good. Gould (in this mode) and Lewontin (always) use the straw man trick. The trick requires that you create art with an imaginary antagonist, which give the most 'reckless statements, and then proceed to refute them with feelings of detached superiority'. Unfortunately for Gould and Lewontin nobody 'never wanted to say that the intelligence and' exclusive result of the genetic heritage that you have it at birth ', still less that every event of life would be established granite dalla successioni di perline sulle catene cromosomiche. Per capire come stanno effettivamente le cose e' utile analizzare il problema in analogia a quanto accade nel campo dei computers. L'hardware puo' essere messo in corrispondenza al substrato organico (il cervello) e il software alla cultura acquisita. Chi, per grazia del Cielo, e' dotato di hardware superiore, si autoimplementera' senza difficolta' i programmi piu' complessi. In questo caso il programma consiste di nozioni e di concatenazioni induttive riguardanti chimica fisica, fisica quantistica o varie branche matematiche (ho scelto intenzionalmente programmi paradigmaticamente ostici). Ma perche' questo accada e' necessario che i programmi stiano a disposizione. Se il possessore di un ottimo hardware born in a remote Indian village on the edge of the jungle, the performance will be commensurate with the typical local primitive programs. The opposite condition will produce 'effects inauspicabili just' cause you have the advantage of sophisticated programs will be 'frustrated the inability' or, at best, troubles, 'deployment. It 's almost unnecessary to add that the possession of superior hardware and opportunity' to tap the programs more 'evolved form the basis dell'ottimalita'.
The path of life and of individuals' genetic background determined by the contingencies of experience. Potentially strong men and / or intelligent may be weak and / or psychologically unstable as a result of stress of various kinds, including childhood diseases, accidents, mechanical and emotional shocks. The myriad of intermediate situations aware of the myriad of human types. The
IQ, which despite the claims of Gould and Lewontin and 'an objective fact, can not' be definitely evaluated peering through the strands of DNA, and if 'this means that the two professors. But on the other hand, given the large number of variables involved, not 'not possible to predict with certainty the time of tomorrow. It 'impossible to predict in broad climatic variations in the long term. Who accepts the systemic nature of intelligence will not have 'difficulties' to draw appropriate analogies. Gerald Edelman (who was also recently converted all'egalitarismo decretazionista) has described in detail the training of the brain in interaction with the outside world. In the first months of life, different subsets of neurons form circuits that combine to determine the characteristics of the individual, including intellectual performance. Given the astronomical number of neurons and given the diversity of stimuli from the environment, not 'can predict every remote possibility' and to provide solutions. The remedy impracticability 'brute force' plasticity '. The genome encodes potential ', not finished products. In this sense, then, Gould and Lewontin break through an open door. The casual use of straw men that supporrebbero a gene for each stimulus and ', as I said, an artifice rather unfair. But what the teachers say and not 'equally and even more' important bits of conventional wisdom peddled for truth 'revolutionary: the potential' are different and depend strongly on the quality 'of the genome.
In summary, the spirit of the time required for scientists and intellectuals to develop a very twisted theories to try to make simple and elementary account of events. The strategy most 'profitable expected to intentionally ignore the trivially true and it raises a huge dust fractions of percentage points. The radical humanism requires the elevation to the rank of intelligence that was the soul and the concealment of his basi biologiche. In parallelo, le prove di intelligenza extra-umana vengono dismesse con un cenno della mano o, al meglio, confutate con argomentazioni circolari del tipo: solo l'uomo e' dotato di intelligenza e quindi, pappagalli cinerini, elefanti, balene, delfini, corvi, macachi del Giappone, non possono essere intelligenti. Il pappagallo cinerino che localizzare un oggetto sulla base di tre parametri (forma, colore, sostanza) suggeritigli dall'istruttore umano, non dimostra intelligenza logica e simbolica in quanto, circolarmente, solo gli esseri umani posseggono una tale intelligenza (e tutti in ugual misura, aggiungo volentieri).
Il caso piu' eclatante di negazionismo e' quello di cui fu vittima il cavallo Hans. Hans, vissuto in Germany in the last century, was actually able to solve addition, subtraction and multiplication. The experts of the time, not unlike his contemporaries do, they decided, in a circle, a horse that was impossible and organic architect rebuttals. Unfortunately, the deniers 'arguments presuppose a long series of incredibly', including telepathy. All in all would have been more 'easy to believe the mathematical talent of Hans rather doubt it. No statement of apology and 'has to date issued by the Academy.
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